1
00:00:13,910 --> 00:00:10,870
[Music]

2
00:00:16,910 --> 00:00:13,920
hi I'm Marissa I'm a postdoc currently

3
00:00:20,029 --> 00:00:16,920
at NASA Ames Research Center and I work

4
00:00:22,070 --> 00:00:20,039
on microbial sources of Hope annoyed

5
00:00:24,529 --> 00:00:22,080
lipid biomarkers in different hot spring

6
00:00:27,470 --> 00:00:24,539
environments today I'm going to be

7
00:00:30,050 --> 00:00:27,480
excitedly sharing with you some new

8
00:00:31,910 --> 00:00:30,060
potential microbial sources of two and

9
00:00:35,270 --> 00:00:31,920
three methylhopenoids that we were able

10
00:00:37,870 --> 00:00:35,280
to find in some of our anoxic acidic and

11
00:00:40,670 --> 00:00:37,880
sulfidic hydrothermal Springs

12
00:00:44,090 --> 00:00:40,680
I want to acknowledge my funding sources

13
00:00:47,030 --> 00:00:44,100
which is oriu NPP program National Park

14
00:00:49,250 --> 00:00:47,040
Service NASA and finally Stanford

15
00:00:51,889 --> 00:00:49,260
University because some of this research

16
00:00:54,709 --> 00:00:51,899
was done back my PhD as well

17
00:00:56,810 --> 00:00:54,719
um so yeah you might be wondering if you

18
00:00:58,610 --> 00:00:56,820
are an astronomer or anyone but a lipid

19
00:01:00,650 --> 00:00:58,620
chemist what are hopeenoids and what do

20
00:01:01,990 --> 00:01:00,660
they teach us in modern environment why

21
00:01:05,329 --> 00:01:02,000
should we care

22
00:01:07,370 --> 00:01:05,339
so hopeenoids are cyclic triterpenoid

23
00:01:08,929 --> 00:01:07,380
membrane lipids so they're complex

24
00:01:10,730 --> 00:01:08,939
they're a little bit different from some

25
00:01:12,130 --> 00:01:10,740
of the phospholipid membranes we've been

26
00:01:14,870 --> 00:01:12,140
seeing today

27
00:01:17,510 --> 00:01:14,880
hopeenoids are some of the most abundant

28
00:01:20,390 --> 00:01:17,520
bacterial lipid biomarkers on Earth so

29
00:01:22,789 --> 00:01:20,400
they're very worthy of studying

30
00:01:24,890 --> 00:01:22,799
um they are important geologically

31
00:01:28,130 --> 00:01:24,900
um they can withstand the lithification

32
00:01:29,749 --> 00:01:28,140
process uh and all the diagenetic forces

33
00:01:31,190 --> 00:01:29,759
that happen when you are becoming a

34
00:01:32,810 --> 00:01:31,200
fossil

35
00:01:34,850 --> 00:01:32,820
um and so they're actually one of the

36
00:01:37,069 --> 00:01:34,860
few really strong sources through deep

37
00:01:38,270 --> 00:01:37,079
time of microbial inputs into the Rock

38
00:01:41,149 --> 00:01:38,280
record

39
00:01:43,550 --> 00:01:41,159
um and they can be detected billions of

40
00:01:46,249 --> 00:01:43,560
years after a deposition

41
00:01:49,429 --> 00:01:46,259
um finally in modern acidic Springs we

42
00:01:52,910 --> 00:01:49,439
observe methylated hopeenoids oh sorry

43
00:01:56,569 --> 00:01:52,920
in in this work we in modern acidic

44
00:01:58,969 --> 00:01:56,579
Springs observed methylated hopeenoids

45
00:02:02,030 --> 00:01:58,979
um and we found these in an anoxic

46
00:02:04,370 --> 00:02:02,040
environment where no cyanobacteria and

47
00:02:07,969 --> 00:02:04,380
no methanotrophs were present these are

48
00:02:10,969 --> 00:02:07,979
kind of the typified known producers of

49
00:02:14,150 --> 00:02:10,979
these kinds of biomarkers so it was

50
00:02:16,250 --> 00:02:14,160
exciting to find them at all and uh yeah

51
00:02:18,589 --> 00:02:16,260
the work that once we found those

52
00:02:21,170 --> 00:02:18,599
methylated hopenoids and the follow-up

53
00:02:23,270 --> 00:02:21,180
work was able to lead to discovery of

54
00:02:25,490 --> 00:02:23,280
some new potential Source organisms for

55
00:02:27,290 --> 00:02:25,500
these lipid biomarkers um which if you

56
00:02:29,630 --> 00:02:27,300
are a biomarker nerd is always exciting

57
00:02:30,650 --> 00:02:29,640
and it's ever expanding so

58
00:02:32,930 --> 00:02:30,660
yeah

59
00:02:35,690 --> 00:02:32,940
this kind of new evidence of source

60
00:02:37,970 --> 00:02:35,700
organisms is important because uh these

61
00:02:39,530 --> 00:02:37,980
yeah kind of inoxic environments and

62
00:02:41,690 --> 00:02:39,540
knowing about them and the microbes that

63
00:02:44,570 --> 00:02:41,700
live in them today can have implications

64
00:02:46,070 --> 00:02:44,580
for us to reinterpret uh the sedimentary

65
00:02:48,110 --> 00:02:46,080
rock record on Earth but also

66
00:02:50,210 --> 00:02:48,120
potentially on mars or on other planets

67
00:02:53,270 --> 00:02:50,220
where we have a sedimentary rock record

68
00:02:55,430 --> 00:02:53,280
so my samples were taken in two sites

69
00:02:58,550 --> 00:02:55,440
one is in Yellowstone National Park and

70
00:03:00,830 --> 00:02:58,560
one is in Lassen Volcanic National Park

71
00:03:02,390 --> 00:03:00,840
um in both Springs you can see the mat

72
00:03:05,449 --> 00:03:02,400
is kind of similar there's a purple

73
00:03:07,430 --> 00:03:05,459
layer there's a like a acidic algae

74
00:03:09,470 --> 00:03:07,440
layer and then there's this white

75
00:03:11,149 --> 00:03:09,480
flocculent Elemental sulfur on top

76
00:03:12,890 --> 00:03:11,159
that's from the actual hydrothermal

77
00:03:15,890 --> 00:03:12,900
system itself

78
00:03:18,589 --> 00:03:15,900
um so what I did is I go into these

79
00:03:21,290 --> 00:03:18,599
Springs and I take samples and I go back

80
00:03:23,570 --> 00:03:21,300
to my lab and I extract for both DNA and

81
00:03:24,949 --> 00:03:23,580
for lipids and then from there I

82
00:03:27,290 --> 00:03:24,959
analyzed them

83
00:03:32,330 --> 00:03:27,300
so I found a bunch of different

84
00:03:33,890 --> 00:03:32,340
hopeenoids so I did a lcms analysis on

85
00:03:35,449 --> 00:03:33,900
them and so I was able to actually look

86
00:03:38,330 --> 00:03:35,459
at the functionalized extended

87
00:03:40,610 --> 00:03:38,340
hopeenoids and so as you can see there's

88
00:03:42,470 --> 00:03:40,620
a lot of colors on that graph every

89
00:03:44,449 --> 00:03:42,480
color is a different type of Hope noid

90
00:03:47,750 --> 00:03:44,459
uh that I was able to find in my Springs

91
00:03:49,250 --> 00:03:47,760
the green overlay on some of them and

92
00:03:51,649 --> 00:03:49,260
the pink overlays on some of them

93
00:03:55,369 --> 00:03:51,659
indicate a two-methyl for green or a

94
00:03:57,229 --> 00:03:55,379
three methyl for pink so we found a huge

95
00:03:57,949 --> 00:03:57,239
diversity of methylated

96
00:04:00,589 --> 00:03:57,959
um

97
00:04:03,470 --> 00:04:00,599
yeah methylated hopeenoid compounds over

98
00:04:05,750 --> 00:04:03,480
to the far right you can see my controls

99
00:04:07,729 --> 00:04:05,760
we had pretty low diversity of

100
00:04:09,410 --> 00:04:07,739
methylated compounds so

101
00:04:11,089 --> 00:04:09,420
it was really interesting in the

102
00:04:12,770 --> 00:04:11,099
environmental samples to see so many

103
00:04:14,390 --> 00:04:12,780
different kinds which is what sent us on

104
00:04:15,890 --> 00:04:14,400
our DNA work

105
00:04:18,770 --> 00:04:15,900
um so the first thing that we did was do

106
00:04:22,069 --> 00:04:18,780
success amplicon analysis of our

107
00:04:24,650 --> 00:04:22,079
extracted DNA in that we didn't see any

108
00:04:27,590 --> 00:04:24,660
obvious sources or classical sources of

109
00:04:29,990 --> 00:04:27,600
those methylated hopeenoids which was

110
00:04:31,850 --> 00:04:30,000
pretty exciting so that then led us to

111
00:04:34,070 --> 00:04:31,860
go back and then do some metagenomics

112
00:04:37,550 --> 00:04:34,080
and then when we were able to analyze

113
00:04:39,409 --> 00:04:37,560
that metagenomic data we saw many

114
00:04:39,950 --> 00:04:39,419
potential sources

115
00:04:44,150 --> 00:04:39,960
um

116
00:04:46,430 --> 00:04:44,160
of Novel yeah 2-methylhopenoid producers

117
00:04:49,730 --> 00:04:46,440
um mostly anaerobic water and soil

118
00:04:52,310 --> 00:04:49,740
dwelling microbes but way more sources

119
00:04:55,730 --> 00:04:52,320
than are currently understood and this

120
00:04:58,070 --> 00:04:55,740
is just from looking into Hot Springs so

121
00:05:01,370 --> 00:04:58,080
a case for doing field work to expand

122
00:05:03,050 --> 00:05:01,380
our knowledge in the lab we also saw a

123
00:05:05,870 --> 00:05:03,060
ton of potential novel sources of three

124
00:05:07,550 --> 00:05:05,880
methylhopenoids these were also so these

125
00:05:09,230 --> 00:05:07,560
were mostly anaerobic and acidic

126
00:05:12,230 --> 00:05:09,240
environment dwellers that we found them

127
00:05:14,629 --> 00:05:12,240
tagging against and

128
00:05:17,450 --> 00:05:14,639
yeah it was pretty exciting so if you

129
00:05:21,290 --> 00:05:17,460
want to know more about either lipids or

130
00:05:22,969 --> 00:05:21,300
DNA analyzes or a microbial Ecology of

131
00:05:24,950 --> 00:05:22,979
these acidic Springs please come check

132
00:05:27,830 --> 00:05:24,960
out my poster later and find me I'll be

133
00:05:29,930 --> 00:05:27,840
at board 22 at this next session and

134
00:05:33,050 --> 00:05:29,940
also because I am in a room full of

135
00:05:36,230 --> 00:05:33,060
early career researchers I coordinate a

136
00:05:38,210 --> 00:05:36,240
division seminar at NASA Ames and we

137
00:05:40,189 --> 00:05:38,220
would love to hear you guys give talks

138
00:05:43,129 --> 00:05:40,199
so if you would like to give a talk at

139
00:05:44,390 --> 00:05:43,139
NASA Ames at any point please come find

140
00:05:46,010 --> 00:05:44,400
me at my poster and I'd love to write

141
00:05:48,350 --> 00:05:46,020
your information down and we would love

142
00:05:51,010 --> 00:05:48,360
to have you give a talk so